A Note on Currency and Index Futures

The note provides some of the basic definitions used in futures contracts. It covers in detail the application of futures as a derivative instrument, and how market participants like hedgers, speculators andarbitrageurs use futures. The note also explains the role of the clearing house and settlement procedures in futures contracts, and why the contracts need to be marked to market. The objective of this note is to make the reader understand better, the use of futures as a tool for the purpose of hedging, speculating and arbitraging particularly, in terms of currency and index futures. The note is intended to provide supporting material for case studies/courseware pertaining to currency and index futures.

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A Note on Currency and Index Futures

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Glaxosmithkline’s Marketing Strategy for Requip: A Case Study in Product Lifecycle Management

Understand how GSK created a new market for its drug Requip

 This case is about the innovative marketing strategy adopted by GlaxoSmithKline Plc. (GSK) for Requip, its drug for Parkinson’s disease (PD). The case discusses how GSK created a new market for Requip by targetting the drug at a previously lesser known disorder, the ‘restless legs syndrome’ (RLS). GSK, the world’s second largest pharmaceutical company, made good use of public relations and its marketing muscle to make promote awareness among doctors and patients about ‘restless legs syndrome’. After gaining approval for marketing the drug as a treatment for RLS, the brand experienced strong growth. In the process, the company created a ‘blue ocean’ that it was expected to own for a long time.                                  

However, GSK’s effort at marketing Requip for RLS had drawn criticism from various quarters. Critics felt that RLS was a “concocted” disorder, and that GSK had resorted to disease mongering to promote the sales of the drug. They also contended that GSK’s marketing of RLS had many conflicts of interests as it was allegedly using patient advocacy groups and key opinion leaders to further its marketing agenda.

Issues:

Q1. Understand the issues and challenges faced by companies in managing the product lifecycle of a drug

Q2. Understand how GSK created a new market for its drug Requip

Q3.  Understand the ethical issues related to marketing of Requip

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Understand how GSK created a new market

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‘The Onida Devil’ Returns

Brand mascot and its role in brand management

The caselet elaborates on the efforts taken by Mirc Electronics to promote its television brand Onida. The caselet describes how the brand mascot – ‘The Onida Devil’, helped Mirc Electronics gain brand awareness for its televisions in the early years. The caselet then examines the marketing communications strategies of the company in the late 1990s after the company abandoned its popular brand mascot. Finally, the caselet provides details of how the company again re-launched ‘The Onida Devil’ with the objective to further break away from the clutter and build up brand recall for its television brand. 

Issues:

  » Brand mascot and its role in brand management

» Use of advertising appeals in marketing communications campaigns

» Promotion of consumer electronics brands in India

» Importance of focus group study in marketing communications

Introduction

Onida, a leading television brand, is still well known for its brand mascot ‘The Onida Devil’ and its punch line “Nieghbour’s Envy Owner’s Pride”. In the 1980s when owning a television set was considered a luxury, Onida launched its advertising campaign on the platform of envy, to promote its television range.                                                                                                            

A green-horned devil with a long pointed tail was the spokesperson in all its ad campaigns till the 1990s. The ‘Devil’ helped Onida gain substantial market share and brand recall among the customers and become one of the top three television brands in the country. In 1998, Mirc Electronics (the owner of Onida brand) decided to abandon the “Onida Devil” in its communication campaigns as the brand mascot no longer appealed to the Indian consumer.

Questions for Discussion: 

1. Over the years, Onida has used different kinds of appeals in its advertising campaigns, without consistent success of this strategy. In the new ad campaign with its old brand mascot, the company decided to use its original theme of ‘Envy’ again, though in a more subtle manner. What is the rationale behind the company constantly shifting its advertising appeal over the years?

2. 
   The Onida brand was strongly associated with its brand mascot the Devil, and Mirc Electronics made efforts to change this perception among the consumers, by abandoning the brand mascot in 1998. But, the company had to bring back the Devil in 2004. Evaluate the pros and cons that a brand like Onida faces, when it is linked to the brand mascot and not the brand itself?

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A Note on Investment Strategies

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‘Goli ke Hamjoli’ (Friends of the Pill)- An Integrated Social Marketing Campaign

Discuss the various communication elements used by CMS for its integrated ‘Goli ke Hamjoli’

Social marketing is gaining prominence in developing nations like India. The caselet discusses a social marketing initiative – ‘Goli ke Hamjoli’ (Friends of the Pill) – launched by Commercial Market Strategies (CMS) under the USAID funded Program for Advancement of Commercial Technologies (PACT) – Child Reproductive Health (CRH), to promote oral contraceptives (OC). The caselet examines the reasons behind the launch of such a campaign. The promotional strategy adapted by CMS and the communication elements associated with this integrated marketing communication campaign is also discussed. Finally the caselet elaborates on the outcomes of this campaign. 

Issues:

  » Promoting International health programs in developing nations

» Social marketing and its significance in India

» Integrated marketing communications and its application in social marketing

» Challenges in implementing social marketing campaigns in developing nations

Introduction

Marketing communications campaigns are not just being used by corporate organizations to promote commercial products, but are also being used extensively by governments, health organizations, and non-governmental organizations (NGO’s) as a means of ‘social communication’ for various purposes.                                                                                                            

Health communication initiatives constitute a major share of such social communications. Health communications once used to be mere public notices. Now they are changing into innovative multidimensional campaigns that are classified as ‘social marketing’. There are various examples of such social marketing initiatives including the Pulse polio immunization campaign, HIV/AIDS awareness campaigns, etc. 

Questions for Discussion:

1. Discuss the various communication elements used by CMS for its integrated ‘Goli ke Hamjoli’ campaign in India.

2. 
   Social marketing campaigns are not similar to commercial marketing communication campaigns in many ways. Briefly describe some of the distinct elements in both these forms of communication.

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A Note on Investment Strategies

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ISTM – Diploma in Computer Application

ISTM – Diploma in Business Management

ISTM – Diploma in Social Media Marketing

ISTM – Graduate Program in Management Studies

ISTM – Graduate Program in Computer Applications

ISTM – Masters Program in Computer Applications

ISTM – Master’s Program in Business Administration

ISTM – Masters Program in Business Administration

ISTM – Executive Masters in Business Administration (EMBA)

ISTM – Executive Post Graduate Diploma in Business Management

ISTM – Post Graduate Diploma in Business Administration

ISTM – Master in International Business

ISTM – Master in Management Studies

ISTM – Chartered Finance Manager

ISTM – Chartered Certified Accountant

ISTM – Doctorate in Management Studies

‘Cost Erosion’ at Tata Motors

 Cost reduction initiatives as a tool to company turnaround 

The caselet describes the cost reduction initiatives undertaken by the company that led to a turnaround in a short span of five years. The caselet also highlights the company’s move towards reducing costs significantly by maintaining healthy vendor relationships.

Issues:

Q1. Cost reduction initiatives as a tool to company turnaround 

Q2. Need for a cross functional team to implement and monitor cost reduction initiatives

Q3. E-sourcing at Tata Motors as an alternative to traditional purchasing

Q4. Move towards single vendor policy and maintaining a healthy vendor relationship

Q5. Shift from a hierarchical model to a collaborative approach 

Introduction

Tata Motors Limited (Tata Motors) declared a profit of Rs.1,237 crores (Rs. 12.37 billion) against the gross revenues of Rs.20,483 crores (Rs. 204.83 billion) for FY2004-05.   

This marked a significant turnaround for the company that had posted a net loss of Rs. 500 crores (Rs. 5 billion) as recently as 2001. One of the most important reasons for the remarkable turn around was a unique cost reduction program under taken by Tata Motors called ‘cost erosion.’

Tata Motors, established in 1945, had a presence only in the commercial vehicles segment till the 1990s. It first entered the utility vehicle (SUV) segment in 1994 with Tata Sumo, which was a runaway success. In 1999, it entered into the passenger car (compact car) segment with the launch of ‘Indica’followed by entry into the midsize segment with ‘Indigo’in 2003….

Questions for Discussion:

1. Discuss the procurement strategies adopted by Tata Motors as part of the cost erosion initiatives. Relate these strategies with the organizational buyer behavior models and identify which model suits best in this situation.

2. Discuss the various vendor initiatives taken up by Tata Motors. Do you think these initiatives fall in the right direction in maintaining healthy relationships with vendors?

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A Note on Investment Strategies

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MARKETING MANAGEMENT

You are marketing manager of a medium sized manufacturing company.

Section A :-

Case Study – 1

An electronic gadgets manufacturing firm wanted to market in India a small, handheld electronic instrument for measuring blood pressure at home. The price of the instrument was fixed at around Rs. 3000 a piece. Being a specialty product, it was perceived to have only a limited clientele. As the firm had no established channel of distribution, it decided to take the direct-marketing route. The product was unique in the sense that it offered the convenience of constant monitoring of blood pressure at home, in office or anywhere, without having to visit the doctor. It could save a lot of time and inconvenience, especially for busy professionals, executives, businessmen and all those who had a hectic work schedule. Since it was a relatively expensive product, senior executives, professionals and businessmen above 45 years of age, having an income of more than Rs. 15,000 per month were expected to be the prospective buyers. The firm adopted the following procedure for identifying and enlisting prospects. In order to prepare a cold list, an advertisement of the product, along with a coupon, was released in two leading business newspapers in Bombay. Interested individuals were asked to fill up the printed coupon and send it to the firm within 10 days to get a free booklet on management of blood pressure. Personal particulars relevant to identifying the ‘qualifying prospects’ Such as income, age, profession, residential address and details of any health-related problem were to be filled in the coupon. A majority of the people who responded were found to be suffering from blood pressure, obesity or heart-related problems. A cold list of about 5,000 individuals was generated on the basis of filled-in coupons. This list was further scrutinized and names of individuals below 40 years of age and those who did not fulfil the income criteria were dropped, as were the names of apparently non-serious respondents who might have sent the coupon more out of curiosity. The residual list of about3,500 respondents was treated as the hot list. Another alternative to this newspaper ad approach, as suggested by the research agency was to obtain a list of credit card holders from reputed banks such as ANZ Grindlays Bank, Citibank, Canara Bank, State Bank of India and Bank of Baroda. The firm could then have sorted out the names of card holders who were above the age of 40 and occupied senior executive positions in private or public organizations. This would have formed the cold list. Next, the firm could have sent a brochure and a personal letter to them offering to arrange a free demonstration of the product at their residences. All those who responded would have formed the hot list. However, this approach was not taken due to some logistic problems. The respondents were then clustered into different segments on the basis of their health status : those who had only mild blood pressure but no other problem; those suffering from obesity and blood pressure both; those suffering from blood pressure and some cardiac problem; those who had blood pressure and diabetes with or without some cardiac problem; and so on. This database of all the listed people with their detailed health profiles helped the firm in identifying specific needs of the respondents.

Questions:-

(a) What elements of promotion mix would be more appropriate for the company to market blood pressure instruments, and why?

(b) What should be the long run promotional strategy for the company?

Case Study – 2

For many years McDonald’s enjoyed worldwide success built on a few well-known, highly standard conditions. The company with the Golden Arches served a simple menu – hamburgers, french fries, and milkshakes orsoft drinks. The food was pricedlow, its quality was consistent, and it was served speedily from establishments that all looked alike and were extremely clean. In recent years, however, McDonald’s has seen its growth rate slow down and its dominant market position slip. Why? The changes been occuring in the company’s external environment. We will start with the population picture. Foir many years McDonals’s main customer group was young couples with several kids. Today, people are marrying ata much later age and families have fewer children, so Mc Donald’s traditional customer base is eroding. Then there are the cultural changes. Also consumers have become more health conscious. let’s face it – burgers, fries, and shakes are not exactly at the top of dietitians menu recommendations today. Consumers want convenience. in the past they hopped in the car and drove to McDonald’s. Today they can pop something into the microwave oven or phone domino’s to have a pizza delivered. Another challenge came as consumers became more concerned about physical environment. McDonald’s polystyrene hamburger packaging was attacked by people who demand the sue of recycled and or/ biodegradable products. Paralleling all these challenges were the growing number and effectiveness of competitors.

Questions:-

a ) i) Identify and discuss the major environmental changes being faced byMcDonald’s.

1. ii) What course of action should the company CEO pursue to regain its dominant market position?

1. b) What king of distribution channel would you recommend for the following products and why? i)Personal computers ii) Industrial lubricant

Case Study – 3

The furnishing limited is a small chain of distributors of good quality office furniture, carpets, safes and cabinets. Within each category, the company offers a wide variety of products, with a great many variations of each product being offered. For example, the company currently offers some 4 different designs of chairs and 23 varieties of office desks. The company keeps in touch with advances made in the office furniture field worldwide and introduces those products which are in keeping with the needs of the market in terms of design, workmanship, value for money and technical specifications. Fine furnishing trades only in good quality furniture. Differences between its products and cheaper, lower quality ones are well known to those who have several years of experience in the business. An important feature the company feels is the availability of a complete list of components of the furniture system. This enables customers to add bits and pieces of matching designs and colour in the furniture. Such components are available for sale separately. Systems are maintained in stock by the company for a number of years, and spare parts for chairs and other furniture are always available. The trade is currently witnessing a downturn due to recession. Fine furnishing hasl also experienced the same over the past two years. In addition, it had to trim its profit margins. Last year, it barely broke even and this year it is heading for a loss for the first time in the company’s twenty year history.

Questions:-

1. i) Explain the term product-item, product-line and product mix in the context of the above situation.

1. ii) Advice the companies in relation to its product mix. How will your recommendations affect the company’s image?

Case Study – 4

Hotel holiday Inn spends a large amount of money on a bonus programme for frequent hotel guests, while the hilton corporation, a direct competitor spends hardly a fifth of the amount spent by Holiday inn on it. Hilton puts most of its marketing resources into nationwide print and television advertisements, while holiday inn does little of either. Traditionally, demand for hotel rooms has outpaced supply. But now cities have too many hotels; occupancy rates have come down and the room rates have also come down. Holiday inn believes that with its bonus programme, they can gather detailed information about the frequent customers and they can be approached through direct main, and also offer incentives like free meals, free stay in hotels particularly where occupancy is low. Yet competitors such as Jilton are of opinion that Holiday Inn is merely rewarding guests who would otherwise also stay at Holiday Inn.

Questions:-

1. i) How is marketing a service different from marketing a good?

1. ii) What techniques Holiday inn should use to fill more rooms?

You are marketing manager of a medium

Section B :-

1 a). Discuss the scope and relevance of the concept of market segmentation. Will the scope change with the opening of Indian economy? Illustrate how firms would be benefited in marketing their products and services by segmentation.

1. b) Briefly discuss the concept of positioning. What is the positioning of i) Santro car ii) Indian airlines iii) Pepsi iv) Dalda ghee

2. a) Discuss in brief the various pricing strategies used by marketers. Suggest suitable pricing strategy for i) Software ii) 100 cc motorcycle iii) Luxury car iv) Laptop

1. b) How is a product management organization different from the market centred organization?

3. a) Enumerate and discuss the major packaging decisions appropriate for the following

4. i) FMCG company

1. ii) Consumer durable company

1. b) Discuss the marketing strategies that may be used at the introductory and maturity stages of the product life cycle. promotion methods directed at consumers, which can be used by a detergent manufacturer.

1. b) Discuss the role of personal selling and advertising in promotional industrial products. How does it compare to consumer product promotion?

5. a) Middlemen are parasites. This charge has been made by many over the centuries. Is this likely to be the case in a competitive economic system? Why or why not?

1. b) You are marketing manager of a medium sized manufacturing company. The president has just made the following statement “The distribution activity is not a concern of the marketing department. The function of the marketing department is to sell the product … let be rest of the company handle production and distribution.” How would you reply to this statement. Discuss whether you agree or disagree with the statement and justify your answer.

6. (a) Define the term marketing. Discuss the scope and appropriateness of marketing function in satisfying human needs and wants. Given suitable examples.

(b) As a marketing manager, propose and formulate STP strategy for home fitness kit targeted at women. Discuss the base for your strategy.

7. Write short notes on any three of the following:

1. STP strategies b) Functions of Packaging c) Elements of promotion mix d) Methods of sales forecasting

You are marketing manager of a medium sized manufacturing company.

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BUSINESS COMMUNICATIONS

Write short notes on the following- (a) Fax or Facsimile (b)E-Mail (c)Video Conferencing (d) International Communication

1. Explain the major objectives of Communications?

2. What are various channels or types of communications? Explain their advantages and limitations?

3. Write short notes on the following-

(a) Fax or Facsimile

(b)E-Mail

(c)Video Conferencing

(d) International Communication.

4. Write a note on SWOT Analysis?

5. What is the concept of ‘Attitudes’? How do attitudes affect behaviors?

6. Discuss the main points for drafting an enquiry and a reply?

7. Discuss the form and contents of an application letter?

8. What do you understand by the term ‘Personality ‘? Explain the various determinants of individual personality?

9. Explain the different types of accounts which a customer can open with a bank?

10. What do you understand by Group Dynamics? Why do groups come into existence?

11. What is a secretary? Point out the importance of secretaries in the modern business world. What are the main functions of a secretary?

12. Explain the legal positions of a company secretary?

13. What is a Report? State its purpose. Outline the importance of reports in Commerce and Industry?

14. Discuss the concept of office automation in the light of the various functions of an office?

15. Discuss the major application areas of office automation systems?

Write short notes on the following- (a) Fax or Facsimile (b)E-Mail (c)Video Conferencing (d) International Communication

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MARKETING MANAGEMENT

Write short notes on any three of the following a)STP strategies 

Section A :-

Case Study – 1

An electronic gadgets manufacturing firm wanted to market in India a small, handheld electronic instrument for measuring blood pressure at home. The price of the instrument was fixed at around Rs. 3000 a piece. Being a specialty product, it was perceived to have only a limited clientele. As the firm had no established channel of distribution, it decided to take the direct-marketing route. The product was unique in the sense that it offered the convenience of constant monitoring of blood pressure at home, in office or anywhere, without having to visit the doctor. It could save a lot of time and inconvenience, especially for busy professionals, executives, businessmen and all those who had a hectic work schedule. Since it was a relatively expensive product, senior executives, professionals and businessmen above 45 years of age, having an income of more than Rs. 15,000 per month were expected to be the prospective buyers. The firm adopted the following procedure for identifying and enlisting prospects. In order to prepare a cold list, an advertisement of the product, along with a coupon, was released in two leading business newspapers in Bombay. Interested individuals were asked to fill up the printed coupon and send it to the firm within 10 days to get a free booklet on management of blood pressure. Personal particulars relevant to identifying the ‘qualifying prospects’ Such as income, age, profession, residential address and details of any health-related problem were to be filled in the coupon. A majority of the people who responded were found to be suffering from blood pressure, obesity or heart-related problems. A cold list of about 5,000 individuals was generated on the basis of filled-in coupons. This list was further scrutinized and names of individuals below 40 years of age and those who did not fulfil the income criteria were dropped, as were the names of apparently non-serious respondents who might have sent the coupon more out of curiosity. The residual list of about3,500 respondents was treated as the hot list. Another alternative to this newspaper ad approach, as suggested by the research agency was to obtain a list of credit card holders from reputed banks such as ANZ Grindlays Bank, Citibank, Canara Bank, State Bank of India and Bank of Baroda. The firm could then have sorted out the names of card holders who were above the age of 40 and occupied senior executive positions in private or public organizations. This would have formed the cold list. Next, the firm could have sent a brochure and a personal letter to them offering to arrange a free demonstration of the product at their residences. All those who responded would have formed the hot list. However, this approach was not taken due to some logistic problems. The respondents were then clustered into different segments on the basis of their health status : those who had only mild blood pressure but no other problem; those suffering from obesity and blood pressure both; those suffering from blood pressure and some cardiac problem; those who had blood pressure and diabetes with or without some cardiac problem; and so on. This database of all the listed people with their detailed health profiles helped the firm in identifying specific needs of the respondents.

Questions:-

(a) What elements of promotion mix would be more appropriate for the company to market blood pressure instruments, and why?

(b) What should be the long run promotional strategy for the company?

Case Study – 2

For many years McDonald’s enjoyed worldwide success built on a few well-known, highly standard conditions. The company with the Golden Arches served a simple menu – hamburgers, french fries, and milkshakes orsoft drinks. The food was pricedlow, its quality was consistent, and it was served speedily from establishments that all looked alike and were extremely clean. In recent years, however, McDonald’s has seen its growth rate slow down and its dominant market position slip. Why? The changes been occuring in the company’s external environment. We will start with the population picture. Foir many years McDonals’s main customer group was young couples with several kids. Today, people are marrying ata much later age and families have fewer children, so Mc Donald’s traditional customer base is eroding. Then there are the cultural changes. Also consumers have become more health conscious. let’s face it – burgers, fries, and shakes are not exactly at the top of dietitians menu recommendations today. Consumers want convenience. in the past they hopped in the car and drove to McDonald’s. Today they can pop something into the microwave oven or phone domino’s to have a pizza delivered. Another challenge came as consumers became more concerned about physical environment. McDonald’s polystyrene hamburger packaging was attacked by people who demand the sue of recycled and or/ biodegradable products. Paralleling all these challenges were the growing number and effectiveness of competitors.

Questions:-

a ) i) Identify and discuss the major environmental changes being faced byMcDonald’s.

1. ii) What course of action should the company CEO pursue to regain its dominant market position?

1. b) What king of distribution channel would you recommend for the following products and why? i)Personal computers ii) Industrial lubricant

Case Study – 3

The furnishing limited is a small chain of distributors of good quality office furniture, carpets, safes and cabinets. Within each category, the company offers a wide variety of products, with a great many variations of each product being offered. For example, the company currently offers some 4 different designs of chairs and 23 varieties of office desks. The company keeps in touch with advances made in the office furniture field worldwide and introduces those products which are in keeping with the needs of the market in terms of design, workmanship, value for money and technical specifications. Fine furnishing trades only in good quality furniture. Differences between its products and cheaper, lower quality ones are well known to those who have several years of experience in the business. An important feature the company feels is the availability of a complete list of components of the furniture system. This enables customers to add bits and pieces of matching designs and colour in the furniture. Such components are available for sale separately. Systems are maintained in stock by the company for a number of years, and spare parts for chairs and other furniture are always available. The trade is currently witnessing a downturn due to recession. Fine furnishing hasl also experienced the same over the past two years. In addition, it had to trim its profit margins. Last year, it barely broke even and this year it is heading for a loss for the first time in the company’s twenty year history.

Questions:-

1. i) Explain the term product-item, product-line and product mix in the context of the above situation.

1. ii) Advice the companies in relation to its product mix. How will your recommendations affect the company’s image?

Case Study – 4

Hotel holiday Inn spends a large amount of money on a bonus programme for frequent hotel guests, while the hilton corporation, a direct competitor spends hardly a fifth of the amount spent by Holiday inn on it. Hilton puts most of its marketing resources into nationwide print and television advertisements, while holiday inn does little of either. Traditionally, demand for hotel rooms has outpaced supply. But now cities have too many hotels; occupancy rates have come down and the room rates have also come down. Holiday inn believes that with its bonus programme, they can gather detailed information about the frequent customers and they can be approached through direct main, and also offer incentives like free meals, free stay in hotels particularly where occupancy is low. Yet competitors such as Jilton are of opinion that Holiday Inn is merely rewarding guests who would otherwise also stay at Holiday Inn.

Questions:-

1. i) How is marketing a service different from marketing a good?

1. ii) What techniques Holiday inn should use to fill more rooms?

Write short notes on any three

Section B :-

1 a). Discuss the scope and relevance of the concept of market segmentation. Will the scope change with the opening of Indian economy? Illustrate how firms would be benefited in marketing their products and services by segmentation.

1. b) Briefly discuss the concept of positioning. What is the positioning of i) Santro car ii) Indian airlines iii) Pepsi iv) Dalda ghee

2. a) Discuss in brief the various pricing strategies used by marketers. Suggest suitable pricing strategy for i) Software ii) 100 cc motorcycle iii) Luxury car iv) Laptop

1. b) How is a product management organization different from the market centred organization?

3. a) Enumerate and discuss the major packaging decisions appropriate for the following

4. i) FMCG company

1. ii) Consumer durable company

1. b) Discuss the marketing strategies that may be used at the introductory and maturity stages of the product life cycle. promotion methods directed at consumers, which can be used by a detergent manufacturer.

1. b) Discuss the role of personal selling and advertising in promotional industrial products. How does it compare to consumer product promotion?

5. a) Middlemen are parasites. This charge has been made by many over the centuries. Is this likely to be the case in a competitive economic system? Why or why not?

1. b) You are marketing manager of a medium sized manufacturing company. The president has just made the following statement “The distribution activity is not a concern of the marketing department. The function of the marketing department is to sell the product … let be rest of the company handle production and distribution.” How would you reply to this statement. Discuss whether you agree or disagree with the statement and justify your answer.

6. (a) Define the term marketing. Discuss the scope and appropriateness of marketing function in satisfying human needs and wants. Given suitable examples.

(b) As a marketing manager, propose and formulate STP strategy for home fitness kit targeted at women. Discuss the base for your strategy.

7. Write short notes on any three of the following:

1. STP strategies b) Functions of Packaging c) Elements of promotion mix d) Methods of sales forecasting

Write short notes on any three of the following a)STP strategies 

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Write short notes on (a) cross tabulation

1. 1. Discuss fully the techniques of defining research problems.

2. What is the necessary of defining a research problem? Explain.

3. Explain the meaning of the following in context of research design.

4. What is research design? Discuss the basis of stratification to be employed in sampling public opinion on infection.

5. Describe the difference methods of scale construction pointing out the merits and demerits of each.

6. Discuss interview as a technique of data collection.

7. What are the guiding considerations of questionnaire? Explain.

8. Distinguish between and experiment and survey. Explain fully the survey methods of research.

9. Write short notes on (a) cross tabulation

10. Describe briefly the commonly used sampling distributions.

11. Write a brief essay on statical examination.

12. What do you mean by the power of a hypothesis?

13. What purpose is served by calculating the phi coefficient? Explain.

14. What is a computer?

15. Describe some of the important applications and used of computer’s in present times.

Write short notes on (a) cross tabulation

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